breast cancer risk reduction by parity and breastfeeding, islamic perspective; a case control study

background: in some verses in holy quran; 233 surat al-baghare , 15 al-ahghaf , 14 loghman and 6 al-talagh, breastfeeding, gravidity, and parity recommended to the parents and expected their children to be accountable to the parents; particularly to mothers due to tolerate of pregnancy and breastfeeding duration. methods: the case-control study included 376 patients diagnosed between      2001- 2006 and control group were 425 people. two groups matched by demographic variants and socioeconomic status. the data inserted into spss -16. logistic regression models used to examine the relations of the breast cancer risk with reproductive factors. odds ratio (or) and 95% confidence intervals computed as measures of association from the logistic models. all p-values reported            two –sided. results: the cases were more likely to be non pregnant. the parous women had a lower risk than nulliparous. the number of children reduced the risk of breast cancer; however it was significant only for 1-3 parities. the breastfeeding results showed it was significantly protective against breast cancer comparison with never breastfeeding. the breastfeeding trend was significantly protective against breast cancer. discussion: the parity and breastfeeding were effective in reduction of breast cancer risk. the results confirmed the recommendations of the holly quran and the messengers of allah that parity and breastfeeding, (eighteen to twenty four months for a child) have the best protective effect against breast cancer. key words: holy quran; parity; breast feeding; breast cancer references 1. translated in english by: sayyid ali quli qarai, verse 233, surat al baghara, holy quran. 2. translated in english by: sayyid ali quli qarai, verse15, surat al ahghaf, holy quran. 3. translated in english by: sayyid ali quli qarai, verse14, surat al loghman, holy quran. 4. translated in english by: sayyid ali quli qarai, verse6, surat al al talagh, holy quran. 5. translated by ahmadian e. nahjolfasahah. the words of mohammad (peace be upon him), no 534:105. 6. tabarrasi rd.makaremol akhlagh.second hadith of imam sadegh (peace be upon him): 238. 7. akbari a, razzaghi z, homaee f, khayamzadeh m, movahedi m, akbari me. parity and breast feeding are preventive measures for breast cancer in iranian women. breast cancer. 2010; in press. 8. newcomb pa, storer be, longnecker mp, mittendorf r, greenberg er, clapp rw, et al. lactation and reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. n engl j med. 1994; 330(2): 81-7. 9. kleihues p, stewart bw. world cancer report, world health organization, lyon: iarc press; 2005: 198-202. 10. huo d, adebamowo ca, ogundiran to, akang ee, campbell o, adenipekun a, et al. parity and breastfeeding are protective against breast cancer in nigerian women. br j cancer 2008, 96: 992-6. 11.  lotfi, s mh, charkhatti m , shobairi s. breast risk factors in an urban area of yazd city- iran, 2006. acta medical iranica. 2008; 46: 258-64. 12. enger sm, ross rk, henderson b, bernstein l. breastfeeding history, pregnancy experience and risk of breast cancer. br j cancer. 1997; 76(1): 118-23. 13. bernier mo, plu bureau g, bossard n, ayzac l , thalabard jc, breastfeeding and risk of breast cancer: a meta- analysis of published studies, hum reprod update. 2000, 6: 374-86. 14. shema l, ore l, ben-shachar m, haj m, linn s. the association between breastfeeding and breast cancer occurrence among israeli jewish women: a cases control study. j cancer res clin oncol. 2007; 133(8): 539-46. 15. tehranian n. risk factors of breast cancer in women younger than 40 years old. daneshvar journal. in press. 16. tessaro s, béria ju, tomasi e, victora cg. breast feeding and breast cancer: a case- control study in southern brazil. cad saude publica, 2003; 19: 1593-1601. 17. enger sm, ross r k, paganini-hill a, bernstein l. breastfeedingexperience and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. cancer epidemiol biomarkers prev, 1998, 7: 365-9.